For what artistic reason were many males castrated in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries?

In the world of Baroque opera and church choirs, a unique and powerful voice was in high demand, one that combined the high range of a boy soprano with the lung power of a grown man. This desire led to the practice of castrating talented young boys before they reached puberty. The procedure, performed on boys as young as seven or eight, prevented the hormonal changes that cause the voice to deepen, preserving their high-pitched vocal abilities into adulthood. These singers, known as castrati, underwent years of rigorous musical training to develop their extraordinary talent.

The resulting voice was unlike any other, possessing incredible flexibility, a wide vocal range, and an ethereal quality that captivated audiences. Castrati became the superstars of the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly in Italian opera, where they were cast in heroic male lead roles. Composers like George Frideric Handel wrote leading parts specifically for these celebrated singers, who earned enormous fees and widespread public adoration. Figures such as Farinelli and Senesino became international celebrities, renowned for their vocal dexterity and dramatic performances.

Despite their fame, the lives of castrati were often complex. While revered on stage, they could be socially ostracized off of it. The Catholic Church, while officially banning the practice of castration, employed castrati in its choirs, including the prestigious Sistine Chapel Choir. The practice began to decline in the late 18th century due to changing musical tastes and growing ethical concerns. By the early 20th century, the era of the castrati had come to an end, leaving behind a fascinating and controversial chapter in music history.