Which river's waters carry over half of all Russian river commerce?

The extensive network of waterways in Western Russia relies heavily on one dominant river for its commercial activity. This vital artery, recognized as Europe's longest river, stretches for thousands of kilometers from the Valdai Hills northwest of Moscow to the Caspian Sea, effectively draining most of Western Russia. Its immense basin encompasses nearly half of Russia's population and a significant portion of its industrial and agricultural output.

The river's paramount importance to Russian commerce stems from its navigability and strategic connections. Engineered with large ship locks alongside numerous dams, it allows vessels of considerable size to traverse much of its length. Crucially, an intricate system of canals, including the Volga-Baltic Waterway, the Volga-Don Canal, and the Moscow Canal, links this river system to the Baltic Sea, White Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea, and even directly to Moscow, transforming it into the backbone of Russia's inland transport.

This comprehensive network facilitates the movement of over half of all Russian river freight, ranging from vital raw materials like petroleum, natural gas, salt, and potash to construction materials, foodstuffs, and manufactured goods. Beyond its practical utility, the river holds deep cultural significance, often revered as "Mother Volga" and serving as a historical meeting place for diverse civilizations. Its economic and cultural importance has been profound throughout history, from medieval trade routes to its strategic role during World War II at the Battle of Stalingrad.